Question 1

According to Freud, children obey the _________ to avoid guilt.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the superego represents the internalized values and moral standards of society, including the sense of right and wrong. As children develop, they internalize the moral standards of their parents and society which help them avoid guilt and behave in socially acceptable ways. The superego is the part of the personality that imposes and enforces moral standards and can lead to guilty feelings when their behavior does not meet these standards. Therefore, according to Freud, children obey the superego to avoid guilt.

Question 2

Research on friendships shows that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class tend to adjust more favorably to school. This is because the presence of a familiar friend can provide a sense of security and support during the transition to a new environment. The other options (A, B, and C) are not supported by research and are, in fact, contradicted by findings that show that young children do display differentiated behaviors and preferences towards friends versus nonfriends.

Question 3

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, ________ leads to the formation of the conscience and moral behavior.

Accepted Answer

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, particularly Freud's theory, the avoidance of guilt is a key factor in the formation of the conscience and moral behavior, as the superego develops to internalize societal norms and values.

Question 4

Nicki Crick and Kenneth Dodge's circular model showing the steps of social problem solving takes a(n) ________________ approach to conflict resolution.

Accepted Answer

The circular model developed by Crick and Dodge is based on the information-processing approach, which emphasizes the steps involved in problem-solving and decision-making. The model proposes that children go through six steps to resolve social conflicts: encoding cues, interpreting social cues, clarifying goals, generating alternative solutions, evaluating probable outcomes of these solutions, and responding.

Question 5

Inductive discipline

Accepted Answer

Inductive discipline involves helping children understand how their behavior affects others and the consequences of their actions. It focuses on teaching empathy and encouraging children to take responsibility for their actions. This approach promotes lasting changes in behavior as children learn to internalize the reasons behind the rules, rather than just striving to avoid punishment or seeking rewards. Inductive discipline does not encourage self-blame among children, as it places emphasis on understanding and learning rather than shaming or blaming the child.

Question 6

Parents of impulsive children can foster conscience development by

Accepted Answer

Combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction is the most effective way to foster conscience development in impulsive children. This approach involves correcting the child's behavior while also explaining why the behavior is wrong and how it impacts others. This helps the child understand the consequences of their actions and develop a sense of empathy and responsibility. Using requests, suggestions, and gentle discipline may not be enough to effectively address the impulsive behavior, while asserting power may lead to power struggles and a lack of willingness from the child to take responsibility for their actions.

Question 7

Malek is a fearless preschooler. What tactics would you recommend to his parents to prompt guilt reactions and conscience development?

Accepted Answer

A combination of firm correction of misbehavior and induction is the most effective approach. This involves firm and clear consequences for misbehavior, and also encouraging the child to understand the impact of his actions on others and develop empathy. It is important to be firm but also loving and patient, avoiding harsh punishment or shaming tactics. This approach helps the child to develop a stronger sense of responsibility, empathy, and morality.

Question 8

Which of the following children is the most likely to make gains in academic achievement during kindergarten?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that social skills, including the ability to make friends easily, are a strong predictor of academic achievement in kindergarten. Therefore, Calinda is the most likely to make gains in academic achievement during kindergarten.

Question 9

Mild, patient tactics are sufficient to prompt conscience development in ________ children.

Accepted Answer

Anxious children are more likely to respond to mild, patient tactics because they are sensitive to feedback and may already have concerns about their behavior, making them more receptive to gentle guidance.

Question 10

Which of the following types of parent-child play is most strongly linked to social competence in the child?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that mother-daughter play is most strongly linked to social competence in the child. This is because it allows for the development of a strong emotional bond and communication skills between the mother and daughter, which can enhance the child's social skills and ability to form relationships with others. Parent-directed play, mother-son play, and father-daughter play can also have benefits, but they are not as strongly linked to social competence as mother-daughter play.

Question 11

Most theories agree that

Accepted Answer

Most theories suggest that a child's early morality is externally regulated by adults, such as parents and teachers, through rewards and punishments. This external control gradually gives way to internal regulation through the development of conscience and morality.

Question 12

Children who get along well with agemates tend to

Accepted Answer

Children who get along well with agemates are more likely to have good communication skills and ask for clarification when they don't understand something. This is reflected in their tendency to request an explanation when they do not understand a peer's behavior. Option B is incorrect because while attending to social cues is important for social competence, it is not specific to getting along well with agemates. Option C is incorrect because hovering around peers' activities can be perceived as intrusive and may not necessarily lead to good peer relationships. Option D is incorrect because barging into play groups without asking is a behavior that is more typical of children who have difficulty with social skills and may struggle to establish positive relationships with their peers.

Question 13

Which of the following disciplinary statements is the most likely to promote prosocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

Option B is the most likely to promote prosocial behavior as it not only identifies the negative behavior but also describes the consequence of the behavior. This approach encourages the child to empathize with their sister and take responsibility for their actions. The other options either use shame or judgmental language, which may cause the child to feel defensive or resentful.

Question 14

Silas and Jake are engaged in a conflict over a ball on the playground. Jake grabs the ball away. Silas hits Jake. Jake runs crying to the nearest adult. Silas and Jake are probably _____ years old.

Accepted Answer

Children around the age of 4 are more likely to engage in physical conflicts and have less developed conflict resolution skills, often resulting in hitting or crying.

Question 15

Research shows that interventions designed to teach social problem solving

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that social problem-solving interventions offer children a sense of mastery in the face of stressful life events.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the psychoanalytic perspective and the development of morality?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that fear of punishment and loss of parental love are key motivators for moral behavior in children.

Question 17

By age ____, children use words to evaluate their own and others' actions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of By age ____, children use words to...

Question 18

One of the best ways for Johann's mom to promote peer interaction skills is for her to

Accepted Answer

Providing opportunities for Johann to play with peers is the best way to promote peer interaction skills. This allows Johann to practice and develop his social skills in a natural setting. Avoiding frequent play dates or preventing Johann from interacting with certain children may hinder his ability to develop these skills. Providing specific suggestions on how to interact with other children may be helpful, but it should not be the only approach used.

Question 19

The fact that children ________ provides evidence that Freud's account of conscience development is inaccurate.

Accepted Answer

This choice contradicts Freud's account that guilt and conscience develop through the process of internalizing parental prohibitions and moral standards. According to Freud, experiencing guilt is a sign that the child has internalized these standards and is reacting to their violation. However, this choice suggests that children who are exposed to threats or physical force from their parents may not develop a strong sense of guilt, which challenges Freud's theory.

Question 20

Conscience formation is promoted by ________ discipline.

Accepted Answer

Inductive discipline involves using logical consequences and reasoning to teach a child right from wrong, which can help promote the formation of a strong conscience. Child-directed and permissive discipline can be too lenient and may not provide clear boundaries and consequences, while authoritarian discipline can be too harsh and may promote fear rather than understanding.

Quiz 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood