The ability to establish if-then causal relationships is best seen in

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Experimental research is the only research method that allows for the manipulation of an independent variable (if) and the observation of its effect on a dependent variable (then). This allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Clinical research may involve experiments but covers a broader range of research designs. Correlational research is concerned with identifying relationships between variables, but it cannot establish causality. Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in its natural setting but does not involve manipulating variables.

The Ability to Establish If-Then Causal Relationships Is Best Seen