According to Graber and Dunaway (2015) framework of media effects, ___________ refers to an individual's tendency to avoid unpleasant news media.

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Selective exposure refers to an individual's tendency to avoid unpleasant news media and seek out media sources that align with their existing beliefs and values. Uses and gratification refers to the idea that individuals actively seek out media content to satisfy their specific needs and desires. Agenda setting refers to the media's ability to influence the importance placed on certain issues in public discourse. Political avoidance is not a term in Graber and Dunaway's framework.

According to Graber and Dunaway (2015) Framework of Media Effects