Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for limitations in identifying cause and effect relationships using pre-experimental designs?

Question

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Pre-experimental designs often lack proper control over extraneous variables, which can compromise the internal validity, making it difficult to establish a cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Therefore, poor internal validity is primarily responsible for limitations in identifying cause and effect relationships using pre-experimental designs.

Which of the Following Factors Is Primarily Responsible for Limitations