Apparent cross-cultural differences in personality traits are most clearly caused by

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Apparent cross-cultural differences in personality traits are most likely caused by social learning. Different cultures have different expectations for behavior and traits, and individuals within those cultures learn and internalize those expectations. This can lead to the development of different personality traits across cultures. Genetic differences in temperament may play a role, but are less likely to account for significant cross-cultural differences. Poor cross-cultural validity of personality measures may contribute to discrepancies, but is not the primary cause of the differences. Parenting strategies that impact psychosexual development may also contribute, but are not as universal as cultural expectations.

Apparent Cross-Cultural Differences in Personality Traits Are Most Clearly Caused