When you want to know whether a given set of proportions of a dichotomous variable are different from a 50-50 split, you will use:

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The binomial test is the best choice as it is specifically designed to test whether a proportion differs significantly from a hypothesized value (in this case, 50%). McNemar's test is used to test for differences in paired proportions, phi coefficient is used to measure the strength of association between two categorical variables, and Pearson's coefficient is used to measure the strength of association between two continuous variables.

When You Want to Know Whether a Given Set of Proportions