What Is Meant by the Term 'Medicalization of Deviance

What is meant by the term 'medicalization of deviance'?

A) The way in which the field of medicine has come to understand all individuals who commit crimes as being somehow ill, either mentally or physically.
B) The way in which time in a mental institution has replaced prison time as a means of punishment in postmodern society.
C) The way in which medicine has taken over some functions previously designated to religion and the law in defining what is desirable or normal, and what is deviant.
D) Both a and c, but not b.
E) None of the above