Which of the following demonstrates truncated range? A) A researcher who is interested in IQ but only being able to recruit college students from elite private schools. B) A researcher interested in personality, and collects data from the full range of socioeconomic status. C) A researcher who is interested in the development of working memory across childhood during elementary, and recruits a large sample of 2^nd graders. D) a and c only.

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Truncated range occurs when the full range of a variable is not adequately represented in the sample, limiting the ability to generalize findings. Choice A demonstrates this by only sampling from elite private schools, likely missing the full IQ range. Choice C also shows truncated range by focusing only on a specific age group, missing the broader development stages of working memory. Choice B does not demonstrate truncated range as it includes the full range of socioeconomic status.

Which of the Following Demonstrates Truncated Range