Providing participants with which of the following led to a doubling of the information recalled about a passage in Bransford and Johnson's (1972) study?

Question

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Bransford and Johnson found that providing participants with a relevant schema, or a framework of understanding, led to a doubling of the information recalled about a passage. A relevant schema helps to provide context and make the information more meaningful and memorable. Delay between reading the passage and testing, diagramming the elements of the passage, and using proper names for characters have not been shown to result in significant increases in recall.

Providing Participants with Which of the Following Led to a Doubling