Biederman (1987) found that object recognition was especially hard to achieve when parts of the contour providing information about which of the following was omitted?

Question

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Biederman found that concavities, or inward curvatures in the contour of an object, were especially important for object recognition. When concavities were omitted, it became more difficult to distinguish between different objects with similar overall shapes. Collinear points refer to points that lie on the same line, parallel edges are edges that run in the same direction but do not intersect, convexities refer to outward bulges in the contour of an object, and transparencies refer to the visibility of objects or surfaces behind other objects.

Biederman (1987) Found That Object Recognition Was Especially Hard to Achieve