Which of model of bystander behaviour was proposed by Piliavin et al.'s (1981)?

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Piliavin et al.'s (1981) proposed the arousal-cost-reward model of bystander behaviour, which suggests that bystanders' decision to intervene in an emergency is influenced by their arousal level, the costs of helping (e.g. physical danger, time, social disapproval), and the rewards of helping (e.g. social approval, self-esteem). This model emphasizes the importance of the arousal level in determining whether a bystander will help, as well as the trade-off between the costs and rewards of helping.

Which of Model of Bystander Behaviour Was Proposed by Piliavin