Question 1

Experimental field studies have found that there is no variance in employer responses to people from different racial groups applying for the same jobs and presenting the same qualifications.

Accepted Answer

Experimental field studies have actually found that there is significant variance in employer responses to people from different racial groups applying for the same jobs and presenting the same qualifications. Studies have shown that resumes with "white-sounding" names or other indicators of white ethnicity (such as membership in predominantly white organizations) are more likely to receive callbacks for interviews than identical resumes with "black-sounding" names or other indicators of non-white ethnicity. This type of discrimination is known as racial bias or racial discrimination in hiring.

Question 2

Oreopoulos (2011) found that resumes containing English or British names prompted employer calls for an interview 39 per cent more often than resumes with minority names.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true according to the study conducted by Oreopoulos (2011).

Question 3

One weakness of statistical studies of the earning gap is that deficiencies in qualifications cannot always be measured in survey data.

Accepted Answer

While survey data can provide information on education and training, it may not capture other deficiencies in qualifications such as lack of work experience or language barriers.

Question 4

Conflict necessarily detracts from cohesion.

Accepted Answer

Conflict does not necessarily detract from cohesion; it can, in some cases, strengthen relationships and improve team dynamics by addressing and resolving underlying issues.

Question 5

Experiences of discrimination and vulnerability cease to affect social integration when earnings are taken into account.

Accepted Answer

Experiences of discrimination and vulnerability can continue to affect social integration beyond the impact of earnings, as they can influence individuals' sense of belonging, access to social networks, and experiences of social cohesion, which are not solely determined by economic factors.

Question 6

The initial formulation of multiculturalism in Canada contained specific goals relevant to the context of its formation and lacked broad ideals and broad objectives.

Accepted Answer

The initial formulation of multiculturalism in Canada was designed with broad ideals and objectives, aiming to recognize and celebrate the cultural diversity within the country, promote mutual respect among different cultural groups, and ensure equal opportunity for individuals of all backgrounds.

Question 7

When race relations were introduced under the rubric of multiculturalism in the 1980s, it was not recognized in principle as a separate concern.

Accepted Answer

Race relations were not recognized as a separate concern when multiculturalism was introduced in the 1980s.

Question 8

In the mid-1990s, Mike Harris's government abolished the provincial Employment Equity Act, arguing that it gave undue preference to racial minorities.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true.

Question 9

A perception of multiculturalism as largely symbolic has been reinforced by the fact that program expenditures are very small.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true. The perception of multiculturalism as largely symbolic is reinforced by the fact that program expenditures are very small.

Question 10

Underlying the weaknesses of existing policies intended to address the racial divide in Canadian society is the lack of effective participation by racial minorities in the political decision-making process.

Accepted Answer

The statement argues that the lack of effective participation by racial minorities in the political decision-making process is the underlying weakness of existing policies intended to address the racial divide in Canadian society.

Question 11

The increasing impact of racial diversity in Canada is magnified because of the concentration of minorities in certain immigrant-intensive cities, such as Toronto and Montreal.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. While Canada as a whole is becoming more racially diverse, the impact is particularly concentrated in cities with larger immigrant populations, such as Toronto and Montreal, where visible minorities make up a significant portion of the population. This can have a significant impact on the social and cultural dynamics of these cities.

Question 12

In 2016, the Canadian-born and so-called "second-generation" of immigrants constituted about 50 percent of the racial minority population.

Accepted Answer

In 2016, the Canadian-born and so-called "second-generation" of immigrants did not constitute about 50 percent of the racial minority population; the percentage and characterization can vary significantly based on the specific racial minority group and the immigration patterns at the time.

Question 13

Immigrants' skills tend to be discounted in the labour market.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that immigrant workers often face discrimination in the labour market, where their skills and qualifications are undervalued or overlooked. This can lead to lower wages and limited career mobility.

Question 14

New immigrants have seen reduced employment success because immigrant education levels are at an all-time low.

Accepted Answer

Recent immigrants often have higher levels of education than previous generations, but they may face challenges such as credential recognition, language barriers, and discrimination that can affect their employment success.

Question 15

Discriminatory treatment is more likely to be perceived as unjust and lead to serious intergroup antagonism.

Accepted Answer

Discriminatory treatment based on factors such as race, gender, or religion is often seen as unfair and can lead to feelings of resentment and hostility towards the discriminating group. This can potentially result in serious intergroup conflict and damage to social cohesion.

Question 16

In groups of Black and Indigenous people, over 40 percent of the members of these two groups agree that racial discrimination is why members of their group "cannot get ahead."

Accepted Answer

This statement is supported by research studies and surveys conducted by various organizations and institutions.

Question 17

Visible minority immigrants have relatively similar earnings to their European counterparts and native-born Canadian workers of European origin.

Accepted Answer

Visible minority immigrants in Canada usually make less money and earn lower wages compared to European immigrants and native-born Canadians of European origin. This is largely due to various factors, including discrimination and lack of opportunities for career advancement.

Question 18

Issues involving police surveillance of minority communities in Canada is a recent phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

Police surveillance of minority communities in Canada has been a longstanding issue, dating back to at least the 1970s with the creation of the RCMP Security Service, which targeted Indigenous peoples, activists, and other marginalized groups. The issue has gained renewed attention in recent years with the advent of new technologies and increased scrutiny of police tactics in the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement.

Question 19

According to Table 12.2, the most pervasive pattern affecting all visible minorities is the substantially lower level of Canadian identity and voting.

Accepted Answer

Table 12.2 suggests that visible minorities have a lower level of Canadian identity and voting participation compared to the non-visible minority population.

Question 20

Provincial and municipal governments consider race relations in a consistent manner.

Accepted Answer

Provincial and municipal governments vary in their approach to addressing race relations and may have different policies and initiatives in place.

Quiz 12: Racial Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Policy Issues in Canada