In his classic article, "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology," John Dewey argued that

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In his article, Dewey argued against dissecting experience or reflexes into artificial piecemeal units, as he believed that doing so would lead to an incomplete understanding of psychology. He saw the reflex arc as a useful concept, but only when studied in the context of the organism's entire situation and its behavior as a whole. Dewey also did not argue for the foundational role of the reflex in all of psychology, nor did he specifically advocate for the work of Ivan Pavlov over any other psychologist or physiologist. While he did discuss the goals of structuralism and functionalism, he did not explicitly argue for their reconciliation through the concept of the reflex.

In His Classic Article, "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology