The President's Implied or Inherent Power to Withhold Information on the Grounds

The president's implied or inherent power to withhold information on the grounds that such information would affect either national security or the president's ability to discharge official duties

A) is referred to as executive privilege.
B) is referred to as an executive agreement.
C) is no longer valid.
D) has no precedent in the history of the United States.
E) is not allowed under the Constitution.