Vertical powers refer to the relationship between the centralized national government and the state governments. This arrangement is commonly referred to as

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Vertical powers refer to the relationship between the centralized national government and the state governments, which is the defining characteristic of a federal system of government. A federal system divides power between a central government and regional or state governments, with each level having authority over certain areas of policy. In contrast, a unitary system concentrates power in the hands of the central government, while an associational system has weaker relations between different levels of government. National supremacy is a principle that asserts that the national government's authority takes precedence over state governments in certain areas, whereas police powers are the broad powers granted to states to regulate behavior and enforce order within their borders.

Vertical Powers Refer to the Relationship Between the Centralized National