As the author of the text notes, "Minds are private and no instrument can be applied to conscious experiences". Yet, Gustav Fechner overcame these problems by:

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Gustav Fechner recognized that the content of consciousness can be manipulated by controlling the stimuli to which the person is exposed. This led to his development of psychophysics, which is the study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experiences they produce. Through psychophysics, Fechner was able to quantify subjective experiences by measuring the minimum amount of physical energy required for a person to detect a stimulus (i.e. the threshold). He also developed the method of constant stimuli, which presented a range of stimuli to a person and asked them to report their experience, allowing for more precise measurements of sensory thresholds. These methods allowed for the quantification of subjective experiences, overcoming the problem of the private nature of the mind.

As the Author of the Text Notes, "Minds Are Private