With only a few exceptions, theories about the origins of madness and neurosis prior to psychoanalysis emphasized:

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Prior to psychoanalysis, theories about the origins of madness and neurosis emphasized biological causes of mental illness, such as chemical imbalances or brain dysfunction. While emotional and social factors were sometimes considered, they were not seen as the primary cause of mental illness. The impact of poverty and industrial work in the new urban world was more of a concern for social reformers than for early theories of mental illness. The social construction of "mental" disorders was not a widely accepted concept until much later in history.

With Only a Few Exceptions, Theories About the Origins of Madness