Who was Michel De Certeau critiquing when he suggested that to truly know urban life, one must encounter it from a standpoint on the street rather than from above?

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Michel De Certeau was critiquing bureaucrats who saw the city from above, through the lens of maps and statistics. He argued that to truly understand the city, one must experience it from the ground level, from the perspective of the people navigating its streets and buildings.

Who Was Michel De Certeau Critiquing When He Suggested That