______ type of design involve no random assignment to groups, nor is there any manipulation of an independent variable.

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Descriptive designs simply describe a particular phenomenon or variable, without manipulating or assigning participants in any particular way. Quasi-experimental designs involve some level of manipulation, but lack true random assignment to groups. Correlational designs assess the relationship between two or more variables, but do not involve manipulation or assignment to groups. True experimental designs involve both manipulation of an independent variable and random assignment to groups.

______ Type of Design Involve No Random Assignment to Groups