Modern metaphysics, as exemplified by Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, includes a notion that was not considered in ancient metaphysics. This notion is __________.

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The modern notion that was not considered in ancient metaphysics is the concept of mind. Descartes famously introduced the idea of the mind-body dualism, where the mind is separate from the physical body while Spinoza and Leibniz also expanded on this idea in their own ways. Emotions, intentionality, and free will were all topics that were discussed in ancient metaphysics.

Modern Metaphysics, as Exemplified by Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, Includes