Question 1

A six-month follow-up of children who received active intervention in teaching them to challenge peer sexist comments showed that girls were more likely to

Accepted Answer

The question states that the children received active intervention in teaching them to challenge peer sexist comments. The follow-up showed that after six months, the girls were more likely to attain a gender-stereotype flexibility that extended beyond behavior to their attitudes. This means that the girls were more likely to challenge gender stereotypes not just through their actions but also through their beliefs and attitudes. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 2

In a study in which researchers presented school-age children, adolescents, and college-age students with visual and verbal descriptions of various occupations, males of all ages were especially attracted to jobs depicted as __________, and females were attracted to jobs __________.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is B) highly paid; high in altruism. This reflects common findings in occupational psychology and gender studies, where males often prioritize salary and females often prioritize altruistic aspects of a job.

Question 3

Zara has a career-oriented mother. Compared to other girls, Zara is more likely to

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that having a career-oriented mother can have a positive impact on a girl's educational aspirations and achievement. Girls with such mothers are more likely to have higher educational aspirations and perform better in school. Therefore, Zara is more likely to have higher educational aspirations than her peers.

Question 4

Jill most likely uses __________ and __________ to get her way with her classmate Jack.

Accepted Answer

Jill's approach of using "polite requests" and "persuasion" suggests a non-confrontational and respectful method of communication, aiming to influence Jack's decisions or actions through reasoning and appeal rather than through force, pressure, or emotional manipulation.

Question 5

In classrooms, men and women teachers alike value obedience and discourage assertiveness. This is referred to as

Accepted Answer

This is referred to as a "feminine bias" because it aligns with traditional stereotypes that associate obedience and non-assertiveness with femininity.

Question 6

Why is it difficult for adults to modify gender stereotyping that occurs within children's peer groups?

Accepted Answer

Children's sexist statements often occur out of adults' earshot, making it difficult for adults to intervene and correct the behavior. This can lead to the perpetuation of gender stereotypes within peer groups, despite adults' efforts to promote gender-neutral attitudes.

Question 7

Rochelle's favorite television shows have families where the mothers do not work. She also notices that most of the teachers in her elementary school are female. Rochelle is developing gender-typed beliefs

Accepted Answer

Rochelle is developing gender-typed beliefs through observational learning, as she is observing the gender roles on her favorite television shows and among the teachers in her school.

Question 8

Gender stereotypes are especially prevalent in

Accepted Answer

Cartoons, music television, TV commercials, and video games often perpetuate gender stereotypes by portraying men and women in traditional roles and reinforcing societal expectations of gender norms. Research has shown that exposure to these media outlets can have negative effects on children's attitudes towards gender and perpetuate harmful stereotypes.

Question 9

In experiments that tested how best to help children confront peers who made sexist remarks, which of the following approaches was most successful?

Accepted Answer

Teaching children appropriate retorts to sexist remarks and then having them actively practice with peers was the most successful approach according to research. This approach provided children with the necessary skills and confidence to confront peers in a constructive way. Modeling gender-equitable interactions and reading stories of example responses were also effective but not as successful as active practice with peers. Instructing children how to use polite requests and persuasion was found to be the least effective.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true about sibling influences on gender typing?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that sibling effects on gender typing depend on birth order and family size. For example, older siblings tend to have a greater influence on younger siblings' gender-typing than vice versa. In addition, having more siblings of the same gender may intensify a child's gender-typing, whereas having siblings of the opposite gender may lead to greater flexibility in gender-role attitudes.

Question 11

Mr. Donnelly wants to reduce gender stereotyping in his classroom and has decided to form mixed-sex activity groups. To be successful, however,

Accepted Answer

To successfully reduce gender stereotyping in the classroom, interventions may have to modify the styles of social influence typically learned in same-sex peer relations. This means that the methods and strategies used to influence and interact with same-sex peers may not work as effectively in mixed-sex groups, and may need to be adjusted in order to promote gender equality and reduce stereotyping. Establishing a token system of reward and punishment (Option A) or delegating specific activities to boys and girls (Option C) may actually reinforce gender stereotypes and inequalities rather than reducing them. Option D, which suggests that boys and girls must learn how to behave like the other sex, is also problematic as it reinforces the idea that there are inherent and fixed gender differences that cannot be overcome, and places the burden of change on individuals rather than systemic and cultural factors.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding differential treatment of boys and girls by teachers?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that teachers often give more overall attention to boys than to girls in classroom settings. This can manifest in various ways, including calling on boys more frequently and giving them more time to answer questions.

Question 13

Researchers can measure gender identity during __________ because self-concepts begin to emphasize psychological dispositions over concrete behaviors.

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children's self-concepts begin to emphasize psychological dispositions over concrete behaviors, making it a suitable time to measure gender identity as they have a more developed understanding of themselves and their gender.

Question 14

Haruko scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Haruko is displaying

Accepted Answer

Haruko is displaying androgyny, which means that she scores high on both masculine and feminine personality traits. This is different from adhering to gender stereotypes or being gender-atypical, as androgyny implies a blending of traits typically associated with both genders. Gender congruence does not apply in this scenario as Haruko's personality traits do not necessarily align with societal expectations of her gender.

Question 15

Six-year-old Qualo frequently crosses gender lines, preferring to play with dolls than cars or trucks. How will Qualo's peers likely respond to his behavior?

Accepted Answer

Children, especially boys, can be quite rigid about gender norms and may ostracize peers who do not conform to expected gendered behaviors. This can happen even if the non-conforming child occasionally engages in activities considered appropriate for their gender.

Question 16

"Masculine" and androgynous children and adults __________ than "feminine" individuals.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that individuals who conform less to traditional gender stereotypes have higher self-esteem than those who adhere more strictly to gender norms. Therefore, "masculine" and androgynous individuals would likely have higher self-esteem than "feminine" individuals.

Question 17

Deena understands that a person's sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and activities change. Deena is demonstrating an understanding of gender

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy refers to a child's understanding that their gender does not change even if they modify their appearance or behavior. This understanding usually develops around the age of four. Deena is demonstrating an understanding of gender constancy by recognizing that a person's sex remains the same even if their clothing, hairstyle, or activities change.

Question 18

According to a British study on siblings and gender typing, which of the following children is likely to be the most gender-typed?

Accepted Answer

A) David, who has an older brother. Research indicates that children with same-gender siblings, particularly boys, tend to exhibit more gender-typed behaviors. This is likely due to modeling and reinforcement of gender-specific behaviors within the sibling relationship.

Question 19

Preschool and elementary school teachers tend to reinforce

Accepted Answer

The answer of Preschool and elementary school teachers tend to...

Question 20

According to social learning theory, __________ comes before __________ in the development of gender identity.

Accepted Answer

According to social learning theory, behavior comes before self-perception in the development of gender identity. This theory suggests that children learn gender roles through observation and imitation of others, and their behaviors are reinforced by social feedback, which then shapes their self-perception.

Quiz 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles