The denominator of the repeated-measures F-ratio is intended to measure differences that exist without any systematic treatment effect or any systematic individual differences.

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The denominator of the repeated-measures F-ratio is known as the error term, which measures the variability within groups or conditions that is not due to the treatment or individual differences. Therefore, it is intended to capture any random or unsystematic sources of variance that may influence the dependent variable.

The Denominator of the Repeated-Measures F-Ratio Is Intended to Measure