Which of the Following Is Not a Counterargument to Studies

Which of the following is not a counterargument to studies that show no deterrent effect of the death penalty?

A) the value of the deterrence studies is seriously diminished by the unreliability of the statistical evidence used because those who are, in fact, deterred by the threat of the death penalty and do not commit murder are not included in the statistical data
B) most law enforcement officials continue to favor capital punishment because they believe it is an effective deterrent to violent crime
C) because the homicide rate increased as the number of executions decreased from the mid-1960s through the 1970s, there must be a general deterrent effect
D) the death penalty's deterrent effect has been reduced to nothing in recent years and, thus, does not show up in the research because it has not been imposed often or quickly enough to have the desired effect
E) all of the above are counterarguments