In order to conclude that a set of neurons are engrams, these neurons must be active both by the learning event and by the retrieval test.

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This is known as the dual-criteria for engrams and is a widely accepted standard in the field of memory research. To be considered an engram, the set of neurons must be active during both the encoding (learning) of the memory and the retrieval (recall) of the memory. This ensures that the activity of the neurons is specific to that particular memory and not just a general response to a similar stimulus.

In Order to Conclude That a Set of Neurons Are