Mitchell and Russell (1989, 1991) Demonstrated a Difference Between Children

Mitchell and Russell (1989, 1991) demonstrated a difference between children below about 6 years of age and those aged about 10 years. While both age groups seemed to recognize that a speaker might misdescribe something, only the older participants seemed to understand the relation between misdescription and:

A) Communication failure
B) Failure to interpret the utterance
C) Non-comprehension
D) Figurative speech
E) The speaker's poor memory