Electron spin resonance and thermo- and optical luminescence are dating techniques based on the process of:

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Electron spin resonance (ESR) and thermo- and optical luminescence (TL and OSL) dating techniques are based on the process of radiation damage. When a mineral is exposed to radiation, it causes defects in the crystal lattice, which trap electrons. The longer the mineral is exposed to radiation, the more electrons are trapped. By measuring the amount of trapped electrons, these techniques can determine the time since the mineral last saw sunlight or heat.

Electron Spin Resonance and Thermo- and Optical Luminescence Are Dating