The Industrialism Thesis States That Industrialization Inevitably Creates Upward Social

The industrialism thesis states that industrialization inevitably creates upward social mobility at similar rate across all industrial nations. What challenges this argument?

A) The structural and cultural variation in institutional pathways, especially in education.
B) Some nations have healthier economies.
C) Newer industrial nations, such as China and Brazil, have more social mobility than the U.S. even if they do lag behind in earnings.
D) Studies reveal that rates and patterns of mobility vary because of vestiges of ascription.