A punishment or cost is a stimulus that

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A punishment or cost is defined as a stimulus that decreases the probability of behavior. It is intended to make a behavior less likely to occur in the future by adding an aversive consequence or subtracting a desirable one. Punishment can include various types of consequences, such as physical pain, social rejection, financial loss, or psychological discomfort. The key feature of punishment is that it reduces the likelihood of behavior, whereas reinforcement increases it.

A Punishment or Cost Is a Stimulus That