Holism in anthropology can be understood as existing in contrast or opposition to:

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Holism in anthropology emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all aspects of culture, society, and human experience, and opposes reductionism, which reduces complex phenomena to their smallest parts and fails to account for their interrelationships. Determinism, evolutionism, ethnocentrism, and adaptationism are all theories or perspectives in anthropology that may or may not incorporate some aspects of holism, but they are not direct contrasts or oppositions to it.

Holism in Anthropology Can Be Understood as Existing in Contrast