Question 1

Cathy and Bettina are sitting together one evening talking about their house. "I'd really like to renovate the kitchen within the next year," says Bettina. Cathy agrees, but points out that they can't afford such an expensive project, especially since they have a new baby to take care of and pay for. They both agree that if they work more hours at their jobs that they will be able to make the extra money needed to pay for the renovation. Cathy and Bettina are demonstrating ____ control.​

Accepted Answer

Cathy and Bettina are demonstrating primary control, which involves taking direct action to change their circumstances, such as working more hours to afford the renovation.

Question 2

Marielle is a researcher who argues that individual differences in the strength of social representations of rules, beliefs, and attitudes are linked to specific situations. She would best be described as a(n) ____ researcher.​

Accepted Answer

Marielle's focus on social representations of rules, beliefs, and attitudes suggests that she is studying how people process and organize social information, which falls under the umbrella of social cognition research. The other options (existential, behavioral, multicultural) do not seem to fit with the description given.

Question 3

Sheri is disappointed with herself, because she is approaching her thirtieth birthday and is not yet married. Her expectation that she would have been married and have kids by the age of 35, and she is now feeling like this will not be possible. Sheri's plans for achieving specific life goals by specific ages is an example of her ____.​

Accepted Answer

Sheri's plans for achieving specific life goals by specific ages is an example of her social clock, which refers to the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Question 4

The statement, "Nothing in life can be known for certain" is most likely to be uttered for the first time by someone at the ____ stage of reflective judgment.​

Accepted Answer

The fourth stage of reflective judgment is characterized by the individual acknowledging that knowledge may be uncertain and that evidence may be subject to interpretation. This stage involves a recognition of the complexities of knowledge and an acceptance of the limitations of individual understanding. Therefore, someone at this stage may first express the statement "Nothing in life can be known for certain."

Question 5

Personal ____ beliefs reflect the degree to which you believe that your performance in a situation depends on something you do.​

Accepted Answer

Personal control beliefs are related to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control or influence outcomes through their own actions or behaviors.

Question 6

During adolescence, Erikson suggested that we formulate our identity. As adults, we have a formulated view of ourselves. Which of the following links these two phenomena?

Accepted Answer

The life-span construct refers to the organized set of beliefs and expectations about the self that form during adolescence and continue to affect our behavior and choices throughout adulthood. This link between adolescence and adulthood identity formation corresponds to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

Question 7

Steve is on a first date with Nora. They are getting along well, when Nora suddenly hits Steve with a very deep question. "Where do you see yourself in 10 years, Steve?" she asks. Steve nearly chokes on his coffee, as he was just thinking about whether he'd get a goodnight kiss in an hour, not what he'd be doing in a decade. Nora has asked Steve to consider his ____.

Accepted Answer

Nora has asked Steve to consider his possible selves, which refers to the different versions of himself that he could become in the future. It is a common question asked in interviews and personal development settings to assess an individual's long-term goals and aspirations. Option B (ideal selves) is related but focuses more specifically on the individual's desired future self-image. Option C (personal fable) refers to adolescents' belief that they are unique and invincible, while option D (life story) refers to the overall narrative of an individual's life rather than their future aspirations.

Question 8

Middle-age adults tend to be more willing to take ____ factors into account when considering the actions of another individual, a skill that is not as readily seen in younger individuals.

Accepted Answer

Middle-aged adults are more likely to consider contextual factors, such as the situation or environment, when making judgments about someone's behavior. This indicates a greater level of emotional intelligence and maturity. Reflective factors refer to introspection and analysis of one's own thoughts and feelings, while genetic and predetermined factors relate to inherent traits and tendencies.

Question 9

Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher's authority should not be questioned. Ralphie would probably be closest to the _____ stage of reflective judgment.​

Accepted Answer

In the first stage of reflective judgment, people tend to rely on authority figures and external sources of information for guidance and belief. Ralphie's belief that school rules should be followed because of a teacher's authority indicates that he is likely in this stage.

Question 10

Mitzi is a young adolescent who often dreams of having four children, a husband, a dog, and a house with a white picket fence. This is an example of​

Accepted Answer

Mitzi's dream represents a scenario, which is a future-oriented narrative that imagines a specific future possibility, like having a family and a home. It's a detailed plan or vision of one's future life, distinct from a life-span construct, a life story, or a personal fable, which have different psychological definitions.

Question 11

At present in the United States, which age group is most likely to assign responsibility and blame?​

Accepted Answer

Older adults are more likely to assign responsibility and blame than younger adults or middle-aged adults.

Question 12

Gabby is getting ready to compete in an Olympic gymnastics event. She is asked by a reporter if she is very nervous, and she says, "How I do is completely up to me right now, so if I did enough work and prepared properly I will be just fine." Gabby's statement reflects a high sense of ____.​

Accepted Answer

Gabby's statement reflects a high sense of personal control, indicating that she believes she can influence the outcome of the gymnastics event through her own efforts and preparation.

Question 13

Angel and Jolie are having a discussion about the politics of stem-cell research. Angel feels that it should be actively pursued in order to discover the cures to many medical conditions, while Jolie feels that stem cells should not be used to further human medical knowledge. If Angel says, "Well, you have the right to your own position, even if we disagree," she would be demonstrating that she is at the ____ stage of reflective judgment.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Well, you have the right to your own position, even if we disagree," indicates that Angel is acknowledging Jolie's perspective and recognizing that it is valid. This shows that Angel is at the fifth stage of reflective judgment, which involves considering multiple perspectives and recognizing that there can be valid disagreements based on different experiences and evidence.

Question 14

Faced with the prospect of voting for or against a state law that would prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, Roberto considers many factors. He thinks about his own family and friends, his religion, his cultural upbringing, and his feelings about sexual orientation and gender identity Roberto is using ____ judgment to determine his own position on this issue.​

Accepted Answer

Roberto is using reflective judgment, which involves considering personal experiences, beliefs, and values to form a position on a complex issue. This type of judgment is characteristic of adulthood and reflects an ability to think critically and independently about moral and ethical issues. The other options are not applicable to the scenario described.

Question 15

The idea that a person's identity can only be understood by considering where they've been, where they are, and where they are going was proposed by ____.​

Accepted Answer

The idea that a person's identity can only be understood by considering where they've been, where they are, and where they are going was proposed by Dan McAdams, a psychologist known for his work on personality theory and narrative psychology. The other options, Schaie, Labouvie-Vief, and Blanchard-Fields, have made contributions to developmental psychology but not specifically to this concept of identity.

Question 16

Overall, McAdams believes that one's identity is​

Accepted Answer

McAdams emphasizes the importance of storytelling and creating our own life narratives in shaping our identity. This suggests that identity is not predetermined or structured solely by external factors, but rather a process of active construction and revision.

Question 17

Donald is having a real problem with his boss at work. Try though he has, he cannot seem to get his boss to ease up on him. He decides that rather than try to change his relationship with his boss, he will change how he allows their constant conflicts to affect him. He vows to stop letting it "get to him," and comes up with new ways to avoid getting upset over their constant struggles. Donald is using ____ control in his relationship with his boss.​

Accepted Answer

Donald is using secondary control because he is adjusting his own reactions and emotions in response to an unchangeable situation, rather than trying to change the situation itself.

Question 18

Based on personal experiences and input from other people, young adults create a ____ that represents a unified sense of the past, present, and future.

Accepted Answer

A life-span construct is a cognitive framework that organizes past experiences and future possibilities into a unified whole. It reflects a person's beliefs and expectations about themselves, their abilities, and their place in the world. This construct is influenced by cultural, social, and environmental factors and can change over the course of a person's life. It is a concept commonly studied by developmental psychologists and can be useful in understanding how individuals navigate different life stages and transitions. B, C, and D are not accurate descriptions of this construct.

Question 19

Research on possible selves development has shown that​

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that younger adults tend to believe they have control over becoming both their hoped-for selves and their feared selves, reflecting a sense of optimism and control over their future.

Question 20

When he was little, Jaden's father used to play "What do you want to be when you grow up" with him. Jaden loved considering the various options, and his father was always amused by the way his son's choices would change from day to day. Jaden's father was using _______ to help Jaden consider his future.​

Accepted Answer

Jaden's father was using scenarios to help Jaden consider his future, as he was playing a game of considering different options for what Jaden might want to be when he grows up. A life-span construct refers to our overall views and expectations about different stages of life, a social clock refers to cultural expectations about the timing of life events, and a life story refers to the way we construct a narrative about our past experiences. None of these concepts accurately describe the activity Jaden and his father were engaged in.

Quiz 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood.

Marielle is a researcher who argues that individual differences in the strength of social representations of rules, beliefs, and attitudes are linked to specific situations. She would best be described as a(n) ____ researcher.​

The statement, "Nothing in life can be known for certain" is most likely to be uttered for the first time by someone at the ____ stage of reflective judgment.​

Personal ____ beliefs reflect the degree to which you believe that your performance in a situation depends on something you do.​

During adolescence, Erikson suggested that we formulate our identity. As adults, we have a formulated view of ourselves. Which of the following links these two phenomena?

Middle-age adults tend to be more willing to take ____ factors into account when considering the actions of another individual, a skill that is not as readily seen in younger individuals.

Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher's authority should not be questioned. Ralphie would probably be closest to the _____ stage of reflective judgment.​

Mitzi is a young adolescent who often dreams of having four children, a husband, a dog, and a house with a white picket fence. This is an example of​

At present in the United States, which age group is most likely to assign responsibility and blame?​

Gabby is getting ready to compete in an Olympic gymnastics event. She is asked by a reporter if she is very nervous, and she says, "How I do is completely up to me right now, so if I did enough work and prepared properly I will be just fine." Gabby's statement reflects a high sense of ____.​

The idea that a person's identity can only be understood by considering where they've been, where they are, and where they are going was proposed by ____.​

Overall, McAdams believes that one's identity is​

Based on personal experiences and input from other people, young adults create a ____ that represents a unified sense of the past, present, and future.

Research on possible selves development has shown that​

Marielle is a researcher who argues that individual differences in the strength of social representations of rules, beliefs, and attitudes are linked to specific situations. She would best be described as a(n) ____ researcher.

The statement, "Nothing in life can be known for certain" is most likely to be uttered for the first time by someone at the ____ stage of reflective judgment.

Personal ____ beliefs reflect the degree to which you believe that your performance in a situation depends on something you do.

Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher's authority should not be questioned. Ralphie would probably be closest to the _____ stage of reflective judgment.

Mitzi is a young adolescent who often dreams of having four children, a husband, a dog, and a house with a white picket fence. This is an example of

At present in the United States, which age group is most likely to assign responsibility and blame?

Gabby is getting ready to compete in an Olympic gymnastics event. She is asked by a reporter if she is very nervous, and she says, "How I do is completely up to me right now, so if I did enough work and prepared properly I will be just fine." Gabby's statement reflects a high sense of ____.

The idea that a person's identity can only be understood by considering where they've been, where they are, and where they are going was proposed by ____.

Overall, McAdams believes that one's identity is

Research on possible selves development has shown that