Is party discipline normally higher when open party lists are used or when closed party lists are used in proportional representation systems?

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Closed party lists provide parties with more control over the selection of candidates and allow for more strict enforcement of party discipline. This is because voters do not have the ability to vote for individual candidates, but rather for the party as a whole. As a result, parties have more power to ensure their members vote in accordance with the party line, increasing party discipline. In open party lists, voters have more power to choose individual candidates, which can lead to more diversity of opinions and potentially lower party discipline.

Is Party Discipline Normally Higher When Open Party Lists Are