In vivo and action coding are only used in the later, "focused" phase of the grounded theory technique.

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In vivo and action coding can be used throughout the grounded theory process, not just in the later phases. They are techniques for coding qualitative data, where in vivo coding involves using terms and phrases from the participants themselves, and action coding focuses on identifying actions within the data. These methods help researchers stay close to the data and can be applied at various stages of analysis to develop concepts and theories.

In Vivo and Action Coding Are Only Used in the Later