After the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center, some non-Arab Americans attacked anyone they thought had Arab ancestry even though those people had nothing to do with the World Trade Center attack.This behavior is an example of

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Vicarious retribution involves targeting individuals who were not directly involved in an initial incident but are perceived as part of the same group as those who were. This behavior, where non-Arab Americans attacked individuals they thought had Arab ancestry in response to the 9/11 attacks, exemplifies vicarious retribution, as these individuals were targeted based on their perceived group membership rather than any direct involvement in the attacks.

After the September 11, 2001, Attack on the World Trade