MacDonald claims that "Similarly we know and do not merely believe that there are such things as trains, trees and people for we know that some propositions of the form 'This is a tree,' 'This is a train,' 'This is a person' are true and that the use of these words differs from the use of words for what we should ordinarily call 'processes.' This is a linguistic and not an empirical distinction."

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MacDonald argues that we know that there are such things as trains, trees, and people because we can verify propositions of the form "This is a tree," "This is a train," and "This is a person" as true. He also argues that the distinction between these objects and processes is linguistic rather than empirical, meaning it is based on the use of language rather than observations of the world.

MacDonald Claims That "Similarly We Know and Do Not Merely