Typically, empirical studies using individual-level data find that union wage mark-ups are largest for which group of workers?

Question

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Empirical studies often find that union wage mark-ups, which refer to the premium in wages that union members receive over non-union members, are largest for manual union members. This is because unions are typically more effective in negotiating higher wages for manual workers, who often work in industries with more collective bargaining power.

Typically, Empirical Studies Using Individual-Level Data Find That Union Wage