In Smith v Littlewoods Ltd [1987]), Lord Goff suggested that outside of the general exclusionary rule, a duty of care can arise in respect of the actions of a third party in four clearly-defined types of situation. What are they?

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Lord Goff in Smith v Littlewoods Ltd [1987] identified situations where a duty of care could arise in respect of the actions of a third party. These include: (A) where the defendant (D) has a degree of 'control' over the third party, indicating a responsibility to manage or influence the third party's actions; (E) where the third party has created a danger which the defendant is aware of but does nothing about, suggesting a duty to act upon known dangers; (F) where a third party 'sparks' a danger that was originally created by the defendant, indicating the defendant's initial responsibility for the danger; and (C) where the defendant and the claimant (C) have a special relationship, which can impose a duty of care on the defendant towards the claimant in relation to third party actions.

In Smith V Littlewoods Ltd [1987]), Lord Goff Suggested That