Making a Formal Accusation of Research Misconduct Might Be a Better

Making a formal accusation of research misconduct might be a better course of action than informally discussing the situation with the person you suspect of misconduct when

A) the incident might cause harm to research participants.
B) the incident might severely harm the reputation of your institution if it became public knowledge.
C) it is likely that the person involved would respond in a very negative manner.
D) any of the above situations occur.