Joan notes the amount of coffee people drink in her workplace and observers the amount of aggression they later exhibit. She finds no correlation between coffee consumption and aggression. The only criterion of causality that Joan's study clearly meets is
A) time precedence of the cause.
B) lack of plausible alternative explanations.
C) covariation.
D) none of these; that is, Joan's study does not meet any of the criteria for causality.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Joan's study meets the criterion of time precedence of the cause because she observes coffee consumption before observing aggression, establishing a temporal order.

Joan Notes the Amount of Coffee People Drink in Her