Question 1

__________ is the systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of lawbreaking behavior.

Accepted Answer

Criminology is the field that focuses on understanding the behavior of criminals, the factors that lead to criminal behavior, the extent and patterns of crime, and strategies for reducing and controlling criminal behavior. Victimology focuses on the study of victims of crime and their experiences, while criminal justice focuses on the system of law enforcement, courts, and corrections involved in the control and prevention of crime. Sociology is a broader field that studies human behavior and society as a whole, including aspects relevant to criminology, but not limited to it.

Question 2

Science requires criminologists to build criminological knowledge from _______________ hypotheses that are subject to retesting.

Accepted Answer

Science requires criminologists to build criminological knowledge from hypotheses that are logically interrelated, theoretically grounded, and empirically tested, and these hypotheses must be subject to retesting to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. Therefore, choice D, which is "All of the above," is the best option.

Question 3

__________ is the scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer because of criminal activities.

Accepted Answer

Victimology is the specific field of study that focuses on the effects of crime and victimization on individuals and society. It examines the physical, emotional, and financial harm suffered by victims, as well as the social and psychological factors that contribute to victimization. Criminology focuses on the causes and prevention of crime, criminal justice focuses on the processing of criminal cases, and sociology is the general study of human social behavior and society as a whole.

Question 4

Victimology is the study of:

Accepted Answer

Victimology is the study of who becomes a victim and how they are victimized, as well as how much harm victims suffer, and victims' role in the criminal act and their rights and role in the criminal justice system. Therefore, all of the above choices are correct.

Question 5

__________ refers to the crime-control practices, philosophies, and policies used by the police, courts, and system of corrections.

Accepted Answer

Criminal justice refers to the practices, philosophies, and policies used by the police, courts, and system of corrections to control crime. Criminology is the academic study of crime and criminal behavior, while victimology is the study of victims of crimes. Sociology is the study of human society and social behavior.

Question 6

Those who study crime-control practices, philosophies, and policies used by the police, courts, and system of corrections are as likely to identify themselves, or be identified by others, as __________. However, so are those who study criminal behavior and its causes.

Accepted Answer

Criminologists specialize in the study of crime and criminal justice systems. Although psychologists may also study crime, they typically focus on aspects such as the psychology of offenders, victims, or witnesses, rather than the broader criminal justice system. Police officers may have expertise in crime control practices, but they work within the system rather than studying it from an academic perspective. Victims, while they may have personal knowledge of the criminal justice system, do not necessarily have the academic or theoretical background to be considered experts in the field.

Question 7

Criminology involves the following component(s):

Accepted Answer

Criminology involves all of these components, including (A) determining what constitutes a crime and the harm it causes, (B) examining the different types of criminal activity and developing characteristics of those involved, and (C) conducting extensive research into why and how crimes occur, how often they happen, and what the impact is on society. Therefore, all of the options mentioned are necessary components of criminology.

Question 8

The term criminology was coined in _____.

Accepted Answer

The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo, who used the word "criminologia" to describe the scientific study of crime.

Question 9

The term victimology was coined in _____.

Accepted Answer

The term victimology was first used in 1947 by Israeli criminologist Benjamin Mendelsohn.

Question 10

The process whereby people react to issues in terms of reference points that transcend their own locality, society, or region is referred to as ____________.

Accepted Answer

The definition given in the question refers to globalization, which is the process of international integration resulting from the exchange of world views, ideas, and culture. A, B, and D are not accurate or relevant to the given definition.

Question 11

___________ criminology involves the cross-cultural or cross-national study of both crime and crime control, applying the comparative scientific method in criminology.

Accepted Answer

The description fits the definition of comparative criminology, which focuses on the comparison of crime and its control across different cultures and nations using scientific methods. Peacemaking criminology focuses on creating a just and peaceful society, ecological criminology studies the relationship between crime and the environment, and feminist criminology examines the gendered dynamics of crime and the criminal justice system.

Question 12

Globalization ___________________.

Accepted Answer

Globalization encompasses all three options listed. It involves transforming differences between local or national institutions into a single global system (A), recognizing the ways in which events in one part of the world can have a ripple effect on other parts of the globe (B), and acknowledging the diversity of cultures and the emergence of new identities (C). Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 13

Criminology is best defined as multidisciplinary.

Accepted Answer

Criminology draws on perspectives and theories from various disciplines including sociology, psychology, law, anthropology, and biology. Therefore, it is considered multidisciplinary.

Question 14

Comparative criminology is the systematic study of crime, law, and social control of two or more cultures.

Accepted Answer

Comparative criminology involves comparing and analyzing the differences and similarities in crime, law enforcement, and social control between two or more cultures.

Question 15

Qualititative research methods involve numbers, counts, and measures that are arrived at via a variety of research techniques.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research methods do not rely on numbers, counts, or measures, but rather on observations, interviews, and analysis of language and other forms of expression. Quantitative research methods involve numerical data and statistical analysis.

Question 16

Quantitative research methods are designed to enable the researcher to understand the meaning of criminal activity to the participants.

Accepted Answer

Quantitative research methods are designed for gathering numerical data and analyzing it statistically. They are not primarily concerned with understanding the meaning of criminal activity to participants, which would be better achieved through qualitative research methods.

Question 17

What distinguishes science from non-science is the insistence on testable hypotheses whose support or refutation through empirical research forms the basis of what is accepted among scientific criminologists as valid knowledge.

Accepted Answer

This statement correctly identifies one of the key characteristics that distinguishes science and scientific criminology from non-science - the use of testable hypotheses and empirical research to establish knowledge.

Question 18

Criminology is policy oriented. The criminal justice system that implements the law and policy of governments itself is a significant source of employment and expenditure.

Accepted Answer

Criminology is concerned with creating or changing policies related to crime and, as a result, has a direct impact on the criminal justice system. Additionally, the criminal justice system is a large employer and can be a significant source of government expenditure.

Question 19

The process whereby people react to issues in terms of reference points that transcend their own locality, society, or region is referred to as victimization.

Accepted Answer

The process whereby people react to issues in terms of reference points that transcend their own locality, society, or region is usually referred to as globalization, not victimization.

Question 20

Comparative analysis of crime enables criminologists to overcome their ethnocentric tendencies and sharpen their understanding of key questions.

Accepted Answer

Comparative analysis of crime allows criminologists to study crime across different cultures and societies, which helps them to avoid solely relying on their own cultural biases and to gain a more nuanced understanding of crime patterns, causes, and responses.

Quiz 1: What Is Criminology