Although the party systems are most often characterized by disputes about government's role in the economy, this factor also played a prominent role:

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Race and civil rights played a major role in shaping party systems, particularly during the Civil Rights Movement in the mid-20th century. The Democratic and Republican parties took different stances on issues such as desegregation, voting rights, and affirmative action, which created significant divisions within the electorate.

Although the Party Systems Are Most Often Characterized by Disputes