Which is not a sub-form of a cooperative joint venture?

Question

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Independent marketing is not a sub-form of a cooperative joint venture. Joint exploration, co-production, and research and development consortia are all sub-forms of cooperative joint ventures where two or more companies collaborate to achieve a common goal. Independent marketing involves one company marketing and selling its products or services without the involvement of another company.

Which Is Not a Sub-Form of a Cooperative Joint Venture