Question 1

Which of the following statements about gender identity is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Children typically begin to develop a sense of their gender identity between the ages of 2 and 3 years, recognizing themselves as male or female. C) While gender identity often aligns with biological sex, it's not exclusively determined by one's external reproductive organs, but this statement reflects a general trend rather than an absolute rule. B is incorrect because individuals can have a gender identity that does not strictly conform to traditional masculine or feminine traits, allowing for a mix of characteristics.

Question 2

have a gender identity that is inconsistent with their reproductive organs.

Accepted Answer

Transgender individuals may identify as a gender that is different from the sex assigned to them at birth based on their reproductive organs. This can include individuals who were assigned male at birth but identify as female, or individuals who were assigned female at birth but identify as male.

Question 3

Maria, a genetic female, received a(n) ____ chromosome from her mother and a (n) ____ chromosome from her father.

Accepted Answer

Genetic females have two X chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. Therefore, Maria received an X chromosome from her mother and an X chromosome from her father.

Question 4

The order of prenatal sex differentiation is:

Accepted Answer

Prenatal sex differentiation follows the order of chromosomes determining the sex of the embryo, followed by gonadal differentiation (which is regulated by genes on the sex chromosomes), then internal reproductive organs (such as the uterus or vas deferens), and finally external genitalia.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about gonadal development is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

The Y chromosome in XY embryos contains the SRY gene, which is crucial for the development of undifferentiated gonadal tissue into testes. Gonadal tissue initially has the potential to develop into either ovaries or testes and does not differ between sexes until influenced by genetic factors. Development of gonads does not start earlier in one sex compared to the other; it is influenced by the presence or absence of the SRY gene.

Question 6

Once the gonads develop the remaining sex differentiation processes are regulated by:

Accepted Answer

The development of the gonads triggers the production of sex hormones, which in turn regulate the remaining processes of sex differentiation. Sex chromosomes determine the initial development of the gonads, but after that, it's the hormones that play the primary role in further differentiation.

Question 7

Female sex hormones are collectively known as ______ and male sex hormones are collectively known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Female sex hormones are estrogens, and male sex hormones are androgens.

Question 8

The mullerian ducts are the basis for the development of ______, and the wolffian ducts are the basis for the development of ______.

Accepted Answer

During embryonic development, the mullerian ducts develop into the female internal reproductive structures such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina. On the other hand, the wolffian ducts develop into the male internal reproductive structures such as the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. Therefore, the best choice is D, which identifies that the mullerian ducts are the basis for the development of female internal reproductive structures and the wolffian ducts are the basis for the development of male internal reproductive structures.

Question 9

The differentiation of the male internal reproductive organs from undifferentiated tissue requires the presence of both and .

Accepted Answer

The differentiation of the male internal reproductive organs from undifferentiated tissue requires the presence of testosterone, which promotes the development of the Wolffian ducts into male reproductive organs, and the Mullerian inhibiting substance, which causes the regression of the Mullerian ducts, preventing the development of female reproductive structures.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the development of the external genitalia is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

The external genitalia in both XX and XY fetuses develop from previously undifferentiated tissue. Sex hormones play a crucial role in the development and differentiation of the external genitalia, but the tissue from which they develop is initially the same in both male and female fetuses. Choice B is incorrect because both male and female external genitalia are derived from the same tissue, though they differentiate due to hormonal influences. Choice C is incorrect because sex hormones do play a crucial role in the development of external genitalia.

Question 11

Intersexuality refers to:

Accepted Answer

Intersexuality refers to the presence of both female and male sexual characteristics, which can include differences in genitalia, hormones, and chromosomes. It is a biological variation in sex development that challenges binary understandings of gender and sex. Intersex individuals may identify as male, female, both, or neither.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about medical intervention in response to intersexuality is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

Early genital surgery has been a common practice in Western nations as a response to intersexuality, aiming to align an individual's physical appearance with a binary gender category. This approach has been criticized for its ethical implications and the potential long-term psychological and physical impacts on the individual.

Question 13

Problems that can result from genital surgery as an intervention for intersexuality include:

Accepted Answer

Genital surgery as an intervention for intersexuality can lead to a range of problems, including urinary difficulties, reduced sexual functioning, and infertility problems. Therefore, all of the options (A, B, and C) are correct.

Question 14

Sex differences in the brain:

Accepted Answer

Sex differences in the brain are less observable than sex differences in reproductive organs and are more controversial. While there are some sex differences found in the cortex, there are also differences in other brain regions and it is still an active area of research and debate.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about individuals with Turner syndrome is/are not correct?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about individuals...

Question 16

Which of the following statements regarding multiple genders is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

Many non-Western cultures, including some Native American communities, historically recognized more than two genders before the influence of Western colonization and beliefs. The assimilation of Western beliefs, which traditionally recognize only two genders, has often led to a decrease in the acceptance of multiple genders among these communities.

Question 17

Which of the following indicates increasing acceptance of gender as a nonbinary construct?

Accepted Answer

All three options indicate increasing acceptance of gender as a nonbinary construct. Australia recognizes a third "nonspecific" gender, Germany's policy for babies with ambiguous genitalia acknowledges that sex is not always binary, and Facebook's expanded gender options give individuals more opportunities to self-identify beyond the traditional male or female categories.

Question 18

A female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia:

Accepted Answer

A female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia has a partial or complete masculinization of her external genitals due to excess androgen production from the enlarged adrenal glands. Having only one X chromosome (option B) is a characteristic of Turner syndrome, not congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Having two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (option C) is a characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome, which is also unrelated to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Option D is incorrect because only option A is true.

Question 19

Individuals with the androgen-insensitivity syndrome are genetic and tend to have
External genitals.

Accepted Answer

Individuals with androgen-insensitivity syndrome are genetically male (XY chromosome) but have female-looking external genitals due to their bodies' inability to respond to male hormones (androgens).

Question 20

A genetic male labeled a female at birth who experiences a masculinization of his genitals during puberty most probably has the inherited disorder known as:

Accepted Answer

5 alpha-reductase deficiency is a disorder in which genetic males are born with ambiguous genitalia, often labeled female at birth, but during puberty experience masculinization of the external genitalia due to the increase in testosterone levels. This is because the body is unable to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is necessary for the development of male external genitalia.

Quiz 3: Gender Self-Concept: Developmental Processes and Individual Differences