Karl Marx Was Influenced by the Philosopher Georg Hegel but Argued

Karl Marx was influenced by the philosopher Georg Hegel but argued that in some fundamental ways Hegel's theories were mistaken about how the world worked. Marx said he needed to "stand Hegel on his head" because Marx believed that "it is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness." For many who came afterward, Marx's argument represented a:

A) problem with validity and reliability.
B) classic demonstration of reactivity.
C) participant observation.
D) paradigm shift.
E) justification of qualitative research.