Studies Assessing Changes in Levels of Narcissism Have Been Criticized

Studies assessing changes in levels of narcissism have been criticized:

A) because the measure of this construct used across studies also assesses characteristics such as self-confidence, which has increased among women over the years
B) by symbolic interactionists for being too micro level in focus
C) for being artificial, because the data have been gathered using laboratory experiments
D) for focusing only on college students
E) both a and d