In order to conclude that an independent and dependent variable are causally related, a researcher must know that the independent variable preceded the dependent variable in time. In which of the following situations is time order likely to be a problem in the analysis of survey data?
A) when the researcher is studying the relationship between gender and depression
B) when the researcher is studying the relationship between income and happiness
C) when the researcher is studying the relationship between race/ethnicity and income
D) when the researcher is studying the relationship between race/ethnicity and health
E) Time order is never a problem when data are collected using a survey
Correct Answer:
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