Question 1

Functionalism views social problems occurring when members of society have not been adequately socialized toward adopting the prescribed norms and values that underlie the social cohesion and stability of that social system.

Accepted Answer

Functionalism emphasizes the importance of socialization in maintaining social order and stability. When individuals do not adhere to the prescribed norms and values, social problems are likely to occur.

Question 2

Existing studies on catharsis and physical activity indicate that vigorous physical activity does not act as a catharsis.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that engaging in vigorous physical activity does not lead to a release of pent-up emotions or act as a form of catharsis.

Question 3

For viewers of sporting events, viewing of aggressive sport action has been shown to decrease subsequent aggressive behavior.

Accepted Answer

Research has actually shown that exposure to aggressive sporting events can increase aggressive behavior, particularly in young people or those already prone to aggression. It is important to note that this effect can be mitigated by parental or adult guidance and discussing appropriate ways to model behavior during sporting events.

Question 4

Instinct theories of aggression are supported by evidence that there are cultural differences in the amount of aggression displayed.

Accepted Answer

Instinct theories of aggression, such as those proposed by Freud or Lorenz, suggest that aggression is a natural and innate human behavior, not primarily determined by cultural differences. Cultural variations in aggression levels are often cited as evidence against instinct theories, suggesting that social, environmental, and cultural factors play a significant role in shaping aggressive behavior.

Question 5

The instinct and frustration/aggression theories ground aggression/violence in biological explanations.

Accepted Answer

The instinct and frustration/aggression theories are both biological explanations for aggression and violence. The instinct theory suggests that aggression is an innate instinct in humans, while the frustration/aggression theory suggests that aggression is a response to frustration and can be triggered by biological factors such as hormones.

Question 6

The American Declaration of Independence was a document that literally furnished the rationales for the legitimate use of violence by the colonists.

Accepted Answer

The Declaration of Independence states that people have the right to overthrow a government that no longer serves its purpose, which can involve the use of force. This is seen as a form of self-defense against a tyrannical government. Therefore, the document does furnish rationales for the legitimate use of violence by the colonists.

Question 7

Surveys of sports fans' preferences indicate that spectator enjoyment of games is unrelated to the amount of violence in them.

Accepted Answer

Studies and surveys have shown that the level of violence in a game can significantly affect spectator enjoyment, with some fans being attracted to the physicality and intensity of contact sports, while others may be deterred by excessive violence.

Question 8

At all levels of sports, incentives exist for athletes to be violent.

Accepted Answer

Athletes are often rewarded for being physically aggressive and injuring their opponents. This can be seen in the popularity of contact sports such as football and hockey, where hard hits and fights are celebrated. In addition, athletes may receive bonuses or endorsements for playing through injuries or for demonstrating toughness on the field. These incentives can create a culture of violence in sports.

Question 9

Society's concept of masculinity is inextricably woven into aggressive, forceful, physical behavior.

Accepted Answer

Society often associates masculinity with traits like being dominant, competitive, and physically strong, which can translate to aggressive and forceful behavior. This expectation can lead men to feel pressure to act in a certain way and discourage them from showing vulnerability or emotional expression.

Question 10

There is rather compelling evidence that the use of steroids dropped quickly once athletes realized the dangers of using them.

Accepted Answer

Despite awareness of the dangers, the use of steroids in sports has persisted due to the competitive advantage they provide, and their use has not dropped quickly even with increased education on their risks.

Question 11

The validity and accuracy of drug testing have been established to the point that there is no longer controversy about drug testing.

Accepted Answer

While drug testing can be valid and accurate when conducted properly, there is still debate and controversy over certain aspects of drug testing, such as privacy concerns and the accuracy of certain types of tests (such as hair tests).

Question 12

The amount of cocaine, crack, heroin, and speed usage is comparable to the amount of alcohol usage by athletes.

Accepted Answer

While drug use among athletes is a concern, the overall rate of drug use among athletes is lower than the general population. Alcohol remains the most commonly used and abused substance among athletes.

Question 13

Use of performance-enhancing drugs corrupts the essence of fair sporting competition.

Accepted Answer

Performance-enhancing drugs give an unfair advantage to the athletes who use them, and this goes against the principles of fair competition. It also undermines the integrity of the sport, and it can have lasting negative effects on the user's health. Therefore, it is widely considered to be corrupt and unacceptable.

Question 14

In a survey of western Canadian cities, sport sociologists found that hazing rarely occurred in the various sports they surveyed.

Accepted Answer

The statement says that hazing rarely occurred in western Canadian cities in the sports surveyed, but it does not provide any evidence or data to support this claim. The statement is therefore false as it lacks empirical evidence.

Question 15

The conflict/cultural perspective views social problems

Accepted Answer

The conflict/cultural perspective views social problems as a result of competition among various groups and interests for power and resources, and also as occurring when the mass of population is denied access to many of the political, economic, and social resources available to the powerful and wealthy. So, both option A and C are correct.

Question 16

Konrad Lorenz, a renowned ethnologist and spokesperson for the of aggression/violence, believed that if nations devoted more energy to sports, the chances of wars between countries would be reduced.

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz is known for his work on the instinct theory of aggression, which posits that aggression is an innate drive similar to other instincts. He suggested that sports could serve as a substitute to channel these aggressive instincts in a less harmful way.

Question 17

The of aggression/violence argues that aggression/violence is largely a product of a socialization process of observational learning and reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The social learning theory posits that aggression/violence results from observing and modeling behaviors that are reinforced or punished in a social context. It emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping aggressive behavior, rather than innate biological factors (instinct theory) or frustration leading to aggression (frustration/aggression theory). Classical conditioning theory focuses on the role of learned associations between stimuli and responses, which may not fully explain the complexity of aggression/violence.

Question 18

According to several sports authorities, the substance that athletes abuse more than
Any other is

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is the substance most commonly abused by athletes, according to several sports authorities. This is because it is widely available, socially accepted, and legal in many places, making it easier to abuse than other substances.

Question 19

Most of the drug-testing programs of the various sports' governing bodies have been implemented without fully resolving

Accepted Answer

The question asks what has not been fully resolved in the drug-testing programs of sports' governing bodies. Choice A refers to the rights of athletes, which have been a source of ongoing debate and controversy, suggesting that this issue has not been fully resolved. Choice B refers to the provision of an appeals process, which is an ongoing issue in many drug-testing programs. Choice C refers to the athlete's responsibility, which is more clear-cut and generally agreed upon. Therefore, the best choice is E, as both A and B have not been fully resolved.

Question 20

The mass media highlight and foster violence in sport by

Accepted Answer

The mass media's focus on rough play, sportscasters' praise of violent play, and replaying spectacular "hits" all contribute to the highlighting and fostering of violence in sport.

Quiz 4: Social Problems and North American Sport: Violence and Substance Abuse