Which civilization was a loosely unified confederacy of competing small kingdoms that quarreled and warred incessantly?

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The Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) was a loosely unified confederacy of competing small kingdoms that quarreled and warred incessantly, which is in contrast to the tightly unified Qin and Han dynasties that followed. The Longshan culture (3000-1900 BCE) was known for its black pottery and sophisticated agricultural techniques, the Chengziyai culture (2200-1500 BCE) was a precursor to the Shang Dynasty, and the Liangzhu culture (3300-2300 BCE) was known for its advanced water management systems and jade artistry.

Which Civilization Was a Loosely Unified Confederacy of Competing Small