Carens holds that one can be a member of a society without having the formal status of a state's citizen.

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Carens argues that citizenship is not the only way to be a member of a society, and that there can be people who belong to a society but do not have the formal legal status of citizens. This can include refugees, undocumented immigrants, and others who may lack legal recognition but still participate in the social, economic, and cultural life of a community.

Carens Holds That One Can Be a Member of a Society