Question 1

Long-term motor problems associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs are symptoms of a disorder called

Accepted Answer

Tardive dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by abnormal movements of the face, mouth, and tongue, which can occur as a result of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs. Hypofrontality and psychotomimetic are not specific disorders associated with motor problems and paralytic dementia is not an established disorder.

Question 2

Prolonged treatment with traditional antipsychotic medications can lead to a sudden, dramatic increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, a condition known as

Accepted Answer

Prolonged treatment with traditional antipsychotic medications can make the dopamine receptors in the brain more sensitive to dopamine, leading to a sudden, dramatic increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia. This is known as supersensitivity psychosis. Choices A, B, and D are not related to this phenomenon.

Question 3

Phencyclidine can produce a state resembling schizophrenia through its interactions with _______ receptors, suggesting that the neurotransmitter _______ may be involved in schizophrenia.

Accepted Answer

Phencyclidine (PCP) interacts with NMDA receptors, and this interaction has been proposed as a model for schizophrenia pathology. This suggests that the neurotransmitter glutamate, which activates NMDA receptors, may be involved in schizophrenia. The other answer choices are not supported by research in the same way.

Question 4

Antipsychotic drugs reduce the chance of relapse with in the first two years. What is their effect over the long-term?

Accepted Answer

The long-term effects of antipsychotic drugs are unpredictable, and some studies have suggested that their beneficial effect decreases over time. While they may be effective in reducing the chance of relapse in the short-term, their use over a long period of time may lead to negative side effects, such as weight gain and movement disorders, which can reduce their overall effectiveness. Additionally, some individuals may develop a tolerance to the medication or develop treatment-resistant symptoms, which can further limit their impact over time.

Question 5

As much as _______% of the adult population in the United States experiences psychiatric symptoms in the course of a year.

Accepted Answer

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 19% of adults in the United States experience some form of mental illness in a given year.

Question 6

Which drug, when used repetitively, can produce a psychotic state akin to schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Amphetamine, also known as speed, can produce a psychotic state similar to schizophrenia when used repetitively. LSD can also produce psychotic symptoms but it is not as similar to schizophrenia as amphetamine. Heroin and aspirin do not have the same effect.

Question 7

Treatment with l-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease has been associated with the development of

Accepted Answer

Treatment with l-dopa has been associated with the development of schizophrenia-like symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. This is believed to occur due to dysregulation of dopamine in areas of the brain involved in psychosis. It is important for patients receiving l-dopa therapy to be monitored for the development of these symptoms so that appropriate interventions can be initiated.

Question 8

Compared with controls, during emotional processing depressed people show increased activation in the _______, and during cognitively demanding tasks they show increased activity in the _______.

Accepted Answer

Depressed people show increased activation in the amygdala during emotional processing, which is responsible for the processing and regulation of emotions. During cognitively demanding tasks, depressed individuals show increased activity in the frontal lobes, which are responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as decision-making and problem-solving.

Question 9

Which response is not a characteristic of the sleep of patients with depression?

Accepted Answer

Patients with depression typically have reduced amounts of slow wave sleep (stage 3), rather than excessive amounts as stated in option D. This reduction in slow wave sleep is often accompanied by increased amounts of REM sleep, particularly in the first half of the sleep bout, as stated in option B. Option A is also true, as depressed patients often experience a rapid onset of REM sleep. Option C may or may not be true, as difficulty falling asleep can be a symptom of depression but is not specific to it.

Question 10

People with depression show different sleep patterns, a major one being a striking reduction of time spent in _______ sleep.

Accepted Answer

People with depression often experience a reduction in stage 3 sleep, also known as deep or slow-wave sleep, which is crucial for physical recovery and feeling rested.

Question 11

Research has shown that if a suicidal person is prevented from committing suicide they will

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that many individuals who are prevented from committing suicide do not go on to die by suicide later, as the acute crisis often passes and they may receive help or find other solutions to their problems.

Question 12

The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that

Accepted Answer

The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests that depression is caused by insufficient activity at monoamine synapses in the brain, particularly those involving serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Therefore, choice A is the best option, as it suggests that depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they suggest too much, absent or over-produced monoamine, which are not consistent with the monoamine hypothesis.

Question 13

The concordance rate for depression disorders in identical twins is about _______ compared to _______ for fraternal twins.

Accepted Answer

The concordance rate for depression disorders in identical twins is significantly higher than in fraternal twins, with studies generally finding rates around 40% for identical twins and 20% for fraternal twins. This difference highlights the role of genetic factors in the development of depression.

Question 14

Which statement most accurately describes the role of heredity in depression?

Accepted Answer

While there is no single gene responsible for depression, research has shown that there is an increase in susceptibility for depression that can be inherited. This means that individuals with a family history of depression may be more likely to experience depression themselves. However, depression is not a sex-linked inherited disorder, as it can affect individuals of any gender.

Question 15

Which method has not been used to treat depression?

Accepted Answer

All of the other treatments listed (electroconvulsive shock therapy, stimulation of the vagus nerve, and cognitive behavioral therapy) have been used to treat depression. Cingulotomy involves surgically removing or destroying a portion of the cingulate cortex, which has been investigated as a potential treatment for depression but is still experimental and not widely used.

Question 16

A clinician is debating whether to prescribe SSRI drugs or cognitive behavioral therapy as treatment for an individual with significant depressive symptoms. In order to potentially reach the best outcome in this case, which option would the clinician would likely prescribe?

Accepted Answer

According to research, a combination of CBT and SSRIs has been found to be the most effective treatment for depression, as it addresses both the physiological and psychological aspects of the condition. While CBT has a lower relapse rate than SSRIs, medication can be helpful in alleviating acute symptoms and providing immediate relief. Therefore, a combination of both CBT and SSRIs is likely the best option for reaching the best outcome.

Question 17

Which potential antidepressant currently under study has the potential benefit that it relieves depression almost instantly, in contrast to SSRIs and SNRIs, which must be taken for several weeks before the effect is felt?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which potential antidepressant currently under study has...

Question 18

Tricyclic antidepressants

Accepted Answer

Tricyclic antidepressants work by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine, leading to increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. This helps to alleviate symptoms of depression and other mood disorders.

Question 19

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been promoted as a treatment for

Accepted Answer

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been approved by the FDA as a treatment for depression that has not responded to other treatments. It involves using a magnetic field to stimulate the brain and has been found to produce changes in the activity of specific brain regions that are associated with depression. While rTMS has been studied as a potential treatment for other disorders such as bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and Tourette's syndrome, its effectiveness for these conditions is still being investigated.

Question 20

A treatment for depression that is about as effective as SSRI treatment is called

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been found to be about as effective as SSRI treatment for depression. CBT is a form of talk therapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to depression. It has been shown to have long-term benefits and fewer side effects than medication. Dyskinesia is a movement disorder associated with some medications, phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative drug with no therapeutic use for depression, and electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) is a more invasive and controversial treatment option for depression.

Quiz 13: Psychopathology: The Biology of Behavioral Disorders