Although the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld laws requiring the disclosure of campaign contributions and expenditures, requiring individual advocates to identify themselves may be unconstitutional.

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In several cases, the Supreme Court has ruled that requiring individual advocates to identify themselves may create a chilling effect on their exercise of free speech and association rights, and may therefore be unconstitutional. However, disclosure requirements for campaign contributions and expenditures by groups and organizations have been upheld as a means to ensure transparency and accountability in the political process.